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Christian Drama Script. Are you looking for a way to illustrate a sermon or lesson? Choose a Christian drama script to assist you in teaching your lesson. Malayalam script Malayalam Braille Vatteluttu alphabet (historical) Kolezhuthu (historical) Malayanma (historical) Grantha (historical) Official status.

The Malayalam script (Malayalam: മലയാളലിപി, Malayāḷalipi^[?],pronounced [mɐləjaːɭɐ lɪβɪ]( listen)) is a Brahmic script used commonlyto write the Malayalam language—which is theprincipal language of the Indianstate of Kerala, spoken by 36million people in the world.^[3] Likemany other Indic scripts, it is an abugida, or a writing system that is partially“alphabetic” and partially syllable-based. The modern Malayalamalphabet has 13 vowel letters, 36 consonant letters, and a fewother symbols. Konkani, which actually means twoindividual languages (ISO639-3: knn and gom), is also sometimeswritten in the Malayalam script,^[4] thoughrelatively rarely. The script is also used to write severalminority languages such as Paniya, Betta Kurumba, and Ravula.^[5] On theother hand, Malayalam was historically written in several differentscripts. Even today it is sometimes written in ArabiMalayalam, a variant form of the Arabic script, mainlyby Muslims in Singapore and Malaysia.^[1]

Overview

Characteristics

The basic characters can be classified as follows:

• Vowels (സ്വരം, svaram)
  1. Independent vowel letters
  2. Dependent vowel signs
• Consonant letters(വ്യഞ്ജനം,vyañjanam)

An independent vowel letter is used as the first letter of aword that begins with a vowel. A consonant letter, despite itsname, does not represent a pure consonant, but represents aconsonant + a short vowel /a/ by default. For example, ക is the first consonant letter ofthe Malayalam alphabet, which represents /ka/, not a simple /k/. Avowel sign is a diacritic attached to a consonant letter toindicate that the consonant is followed by a vowel other than /a/.If the following vowel is /a/, no vowel sign is needed. The phoneme /a/ that follows aconsonant by default is called an inherent vowel. In Malayalam, itsphonetic value is unrounded[ɐ],^[6] or[ə] as an allophone. To denote a pure consonant soundnot followed by a vowel, a special diacritic virama is used to cancel the inherentvowel. The following are examples where a consonant letter is usedwith or without a diacritic.

• കിki = കka + ി vowel sign i
• കുku = കka + ു vowel sign u
• കൈkai = കka + ൈ vowel sign ai
• ക്k = കka + ് virama
• കka = consonantletter കka itself,with no vowel sign

Malayalam alphabet is unicase, or does not have a case distinction. It iswritten from left to right, but certain vowel signs are attached tothe left (the opposite direction) of a consonant letter that itlogically follows. In the word Kēraḷa,the vowel sign ē visually appears in the leftmostposition, though the vowel ē logically follows theconsonant k.

History

The Malayalam language was first writtenin Vatteluttu, anancient script for Tamil. However, modern Malayalam scriptevolved from Grantha, a script originally used towrite Sanskrit. BothVatteluttu and Grantha evolved from Brahmi,but independently.

Vatteluttu

Vatteluttu (Malayalam: വട്ടെഴുത്ത്, Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ^[?],“round writing”) is a script that had evolved from Tamil-Brahmi, and wasonce used extensively in the southern part of present-day Tamil Nadu and in Kerala.

Malayalam was first written in Vatteluttu. The Vazhappalli inscriptionissued by Rajasekhara Varman is the earliestexample, dating from about 830 CE.^[1][2]In the Tamil country, the modern Tamil script had supplanted Vatteluttu bythe 15th century, but in the Malabar region, Vatteluttu remained in generaluse up to the 17th century,^[7] or the18th century.^[8] Avariant form of this script, Kolezhuthu, was used until about the 19thcentury mainly in the Kochi area and in the Malabararea.^[9]Another variant form, Malayanma, was used in the south of Thiruvananthapuram.^[9]

Grantha

Accoding to Arthur Coke Burnell, one form ofthe Granthascript, originally used in the Chola kingdom, was imported into thesouthwest coast of India in the 8th or 9th century, which was thenmodified in course of time in this secluded area, wherecommunication with the east coast was very limited.^[10]This script was used by both the Malayali and Tuluva people, but was originally only appliedto write Sanskrit. The Tulu form and Malayalam form of thisalphabet were identical up to about 1600, and are sometimescollectively called the Tulu-Malayalam alphabet.^[10][11] InMalabar, this writing system was termed Arya-eluttu (ആര്യ എഴുത്ത്, Ārya eḻuttŭ),^[12]meaning “Arya writing” (Sanskrit is Aryan while Malayalam is Dravidian).

Vatteluttu was in general use, but was not suitable forliterature where many Sanskrit words were used. Like Tamil-Brahmi,it was originally used to write Tamil, and as such, did not have lettersfor voiced or aspirated consonants used in Sanskrit but not used in Tamil. For thisreason, Vatteluttu and the Grantha script were sometimes mixed, asin Manipravalam.One of the oldest examples of the Manipravalam literature,Vaishikatantram (വൈശികതന്ത്രം, Vaiśikatantram), datesback to the 12th century,^[13][14] wherethe earliest form of the Malayalam script was used, which seems tohave been systematized to some extent by the first half of the 13thcentury.^[1][8]

Thunchath Ezhuthachan, a poet from aroundthe 17th century, used Arya-eluttu to write his Malayalam poemsbased on Classical Sanskrit literature.^[10]For a few letters missing in Arya-eluttu (ḷa, ḻa, ṟa), heused Vatteluttu. His works became unprecedentedly popular to thepoint that the Malayali people eventually started to call him thefather of the Malayalam language, which also popularizedArya-eluttu as a script to write Malayalam. However, Grantha wasimperfect as it was as an alphabet to write a Dravidian language,not having distinctions between e and ē, andbetween o and ō. The Malayalam script as it istoday was perfected in the middle of the 19th century when Hermann Gundertinvented the new vowel signs to distinguish them.^[10]

By the 19th century, old scripts like Kolezhuthu had beensupplanted by Arya-eluttu—that is, the current Malayalam script.Nowadays, it is widely used in the press of the Malayali populationin Kerala.^[15]

The resemblance between the Malayalam script and the Tulu script is obvious.Some authors believe that the Tulu script is older and theMalayalam script evolved from it or was influenced by it,^[16][17]though the oldest written Tulu document available, TuluMahabharato, is from around 1500,^[18]relatively new compared to the history of the Malayalam writingsystem.

Orthographyreform

In 1969–1971 and in 1981, the Government of Kerala reformed theorthography ofMalayalam.^[19][20] Inthe traditional orthography, certain consonants followed byu, ū, or r̥are represented by special glyphs (consonant-vowel ligatures),where the corresponding basic consonant letter is transformedirregularly. For example:

• കka → ku
• നna → nu
• ശśa → śu

This kind of irregular glyph was simplified in the neworthography, where a vowel sign is always a separate symbol, neverfused with the preceding letter:

• കka → ku
• നna → nu
• ശśa → śu

Also, most of traditional consonant-consonant ligatures,especially less common ones only used to write words of Sanskritorigin, were split into non-ligated forms. For example:

• ഗ്g + ദda = ഗ്‌ദgda (Traditional: )
• ല്‌l + തta = ല്‌തlta (Traditional: )

The new orthography, puthiya lipi (Malayalam: പുതിയ ലിപി, putiyalipi^[?]), is now usedcommonly, but has not completely replaced the traditional system,pazhaya lipi (പഴയലിപി, paḻayalipi).^[21]

Malayalamletters

Vowels

Vowel letters and vowelsigns

The following tables show the independent vowel letters and thecorresponding dependent vowel signs (diacritics) of the Malayalamscript, with romanizations in ISO 15919, pronunciations in the International PhoneticAlphabet (IPA), and UnicodeCHARACTER NAMES, abbreviatedfor simplicity (VS = VOWEL SIGN, VOC =VOCALIC).

r̥, r̥̄, l̥,l̥̄ , used to write Sanskrit words, are treated as vowels. Theyare phonetically not vowels in Malayalam or in Classical Sanskrit,but originally they were (see Proto-Indo-Europeanlanguage and Vedic Sanskrit). The letters andsigns for r̥̄, l̥,l̥̄ are very rare, and are not considered as partof the modern orthography.^[22]

The vowel signs ā, i, ī are placed tothe right of a consonant letter to which it is attached. The vowelsigns e, ē, ai are placed to the left ofa consonant letter. The vowel signs o and ōconsist of two parts: the first part goes to the left of aconsonant letter and the second part goes to the right of it. Inthe reformed orthography, the vowel signs u, ū,r̥ are simply placed to theright of the consonant letter, while they often makeconsonant-vowel ligatures in the traditional orthography.

It is important to note the vowel duration as it can be used todifferentiate words that would otherwise be the same. For example,/kalam/ means 'earthenware pot' while /kaalam/ means 'time' or'season'.^[23]

Anusvaram

An anusvaram (അനുസ്വാരം, anusvāram), or an anusvara, originally denotedthe nasalizationwhere the preceding vowel was changed into a nasalized vowel, and hence is traditionallytreated as a kind of vowel sign. In Malayalam, however, it simplyrepresents a consonant /m/ after a vowel, though this /m/ may be assimilated to another nasalconsonant. It is a special consonant, different from aconsonant represented by a “normal” consonant letter in that it isnever followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. In general,an anusvara at the end of a word is transliterated as ṁ in ISO 15919, but a Malayalam anusvara at theend of a word is transliterated as m without a dot.

Visargam

A visargam (വിസർഗം, visargam), or a visarga, represents a consonant /h/ after a vowel, and is transliterated asḥ. Like an anusvara, it is aspecial symbol, and this /h/ is never followed by an inherent vowel oranother vowel.

Consonants

Basicconsonant letters

The following tables show the basic consonant letters of theMalayalam script, with romanizations in ISO 15919, pronunciationsin IPA, and Unicode CHARACTER NAMES. The character namesused in the report of the Government of Kerala committee (2001) areshown in lowercase italics when different from Unicodecharacter names.^[22]Those alternative names are based on the traditional romanizationused by the Malayalipeople. For example, tha in “Thiruvananthapuram” isneither ISO tha nor Unicode THA, buttha in this sense (ത). The ISCII(IS 13194:1991) character names are given in parentheses whendifferent from the above.

The consonants /ʈ, ɖ, ɳ/ are retroflex. In Malayalm, they areproduced by touching the underside of the tip of the tongueto the front part of the hard palate (apico-palatal).

• ^ADental nasal or alveolar nasal,depending on the word.
• ^BAlveolar tap.
• ^C Thetip of the tongue almost touches the teeth ([l̪]), forward than the English l.
• ^D[ʋʷ].
• ^E[ʃʷ].
• ^F Voiceless apico-palatal approximant[ʂ̺̠˕].^[24]
• ^GDentalsibilant fricative [s̪].
• ^H Apico-palatal [ɭ̺̠].
• ^I Thisglyph is a ligature (KA + VIRAMA + SSA), but is sometimeslisted as a basic unit. Often pronounced /ʈ͡ʂa/.
• ^J Voiced apico-palatal approximant [ʐ̺̠˕].^[24] This consonant is usually described as /ɻ/, but also can be approximated by /ɹ/^[25].
• ^K (1)Repetition of this letter (റ +റ) often represents a geminatedvoiceless alveolar plosive,/tːa/; (2) chillu-n + this letter (ൻ + റ) often represents /nda/; (3) otherwise alveolar trill (apical) /ra/. Optionally, (1) may be transliterated asṯṯa instead of ṟṟa, (2) as nṯa (not nḏa) instead of nṟa.
• ^L Corresponds to Tamil ṉaன. Used rarely in scholarly texts torepresent the alveolar nasal, as opposed to the dental nasal.^[26]In ordinary texts both are represented by naന.
• ^M Usedrarely in scholarly texts to represent the voiceless alveolarplosive, as opposed to the voiceless dental plosiverepresented by taത.In ordinary texts this sound is represented by ṟaറ.^[26]

Chillus

A chillu, or a chillaksharam (ചില്ലക്ഷരം, cillakṣaram), is a specialconsonant letter that represents a pure consonant independently,without help of a virama.Unlike a consonant represented by an ordinary consonant letter,this consonant is never followed by an inherent vowel. Anusvara and visargafit this definition but are not usually included. ISCII and Unicode5.0 treat a chillu as a glyph variant of a normal (“base”)consonant letter.^[27]In Unicode 5.1 and later, however, chillu letters aretreated as independent characters, encoded atomically.^[28]

There are at least six known chillu letters.Chillu-k is rare. The other five are quite common.

Chandrakkala

As virama

Chandrakkala ് (ചന്ദ്രക്കല, candrakkala) is adiacritic attached to a consonant letter to show that the consonantis not followed by an inherent vowel or any other vowel (forexample, കka → ക്k). This kind ofdiacritic is common in Indic scripts, generically called virama in Sanskrit, orhalant in Hindi.

Half-u

At the end of a word, the same symbol sometimes represents avery short vowel, known as “half-u”, or samvruthokaram(സംവൃതോകാരം, saṁvr̥tōkāram). The exactpronunciation of this vowel varies from dialect to dialect, but itis approximately [ə]^[29]or [ɨ], and transliterated as ŭ(for example, നna →ന്nŭ). Optionally, avowel sign u is inserted, as in നു് (= ന+ ു + ്). According to one author, thisalternative form is historically more correct, though thesimplified form without a vowel sign u is commonnowadays.^[30]This means that the same spelling ന് may represent either n ornŭ depending on the context. Generally, it is nŭat the end of a word, and n elsewhere; നു് always represents nŭ.

Ligatures

Consonantligatures

Like in other Indic scripts, a virama is used in the Malayalam script tocancel—or “kill”—the inherent vowel of a consonant letter andrepresent a consonant without a vowel, so-called a “dead”consonant. For example,

1. ന is a consonant letterna,
2. ് is a virama;therefore,
3. ന്‌ (na + virama)represents a dead consonant n.

If this nന്‌ isfurther followed by another consonant letter, for example,maമ, the result maylook like ന്‌മ, whichrepresents nma as na + virama + ma. Inthis case, two elements nന്‌ and maമ are simply placed one by one, side by side.Alternatively, nma can be also written as a ligatureന്മ.

Generally, when a dead consonant letter C₁ andanother consonant letter C₂ are conjoined, the resultmay be either:

1. A fully-conjoined ligature of C₁+C₂;
2. Half-conjoined—
   • C₁-conjoining: a modified form (half form) ofC₁ attached to the original form (full form) ofC₂
   • C₂-conjoining: a modified form of C₂attached to the full form of C₁; or
3. Non-ligated: full forms of C₁ and C₂ witha visible virama.^[31]

If the result is fully- or half-conjoined, the (conceptual)virama which made C₁ dead becomes invisible, onlylogically existing in a character encoding scheme such asUnicode. If the result is non-ligated, a virama is visible,attached to C₁. The glyphs for nma has avisible virama if not ligated (ന്‌മ), but if ligated, the virama disappears(ന്മ). Usually the differencebetween those forms is superficial and both are semanticallyidentical, just like the meaning of the English wordpalaeography does not change even if it is spelledpalæography, with the ligature æ.

Common consonantligatures

Several consonant-consonant ligatures are used commonly even inthe new orthography.

The ligature mpaമ്പ was historically derived from npaന്‌പ. The ligaturescca, bba, yya, and vva arespecial in that a doubled consonant is denoted by a triangle signbelow a consonant letter.

Consonant + ya,va, la, ra

(1) The consonant letter ya is generallyC₂-conjoining after a consonant in both orthographies.For example,

• kക് +yaയ = kyaക്യ
• pപ് +yaയ = pyaപ്യ

In kyaക്യ, avariant form of ya () is placed after the full form ofkaക, just likekiകി is writtenkaക followed by thevowel sign iി. Inother words, the variant form of ya () used after a consonant lettercan be considered as a diacritic. Since it is placed after the basecharacter, it is sometimes referred to as a post-baseform. An exception is yyaയ്യ (see above).

(2) Similarly, va after a consonant takes a post-baseform:

• kക് +vaവ = kvaക്വ
• pപ് +vaവ = pvaപ്വ

An exception is vvaവ്വ (see above).

(3) The consonant letter la after a consonanttraditionally takes a below-base form. These forms are used also inthe new orthography, though some fonts do not support them.

• kക് +laല = kla
• pപ് +laല = pla
• lല് +laല = lla (Not )

(4) A consonant letter ra after a consonant usuallytakes a pre-base form in the reformed orthography, while thiscombination makes a fully-conjoined ligature in the traditionalorthography.

• kക് +raര = kra (Traditional: )
• pപ് +raര = pra (Traditional: )

nṯa andṯṯa

The ligature nṯa iswritten as nന്‌ +ṟaറ and pronounced /nda/. The ligature ṯṯa is written as ṟറ് + ṟaറ.

In those two ligatures, a small ṟa‌റ is written below the first letter(chillu-n if it is a dead n). Alternatively, theletter ṟa is sometimeswritten to the right of the first letter, making a digraph (just like ωι used instead of ῳ in Greek). The spelling ൻറ is therefore read either nṟa (two separate letters) or nṯa (digraph) depending on theword. Similary, ‌റ‌റ is readeither ṟaṟa or ṯṯa.^[28]

Dot reph

In the traditional orthography, a dead consonant rbefore a consonant sometimes takes an above-base form, known as adot reph, which looks like a short vertical line or a dot.Generally, a chillu-r is usedinstead of a dot reph in the reformed orthography.

• rര് +gaഗ = rga (Reformed: ർഗ)
• rര് +jaജ = rja (Reformed: ർജ)

Consonant-vowelligatures

Othersymbols

Malayalam numbers and fractions are written as follows. Theseare archaic and no more commonly used. Note that there is aconfusion about the glyph of Malayalam digit zero. The correct formis oval-shaped, but occasionally the glyph for ¼ ൳ is erroneously shown as the glyph for 0.

Malayalamin Unicode

Codechart

The Unicode range forMalayalam is U+0D00–U+0D7F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned codepoints.

Chillus inUnicode

For example, avanഅവൻ (“he”) is written as aഅ + vaവ + chillu-nൻ, where chillu-n represents then sound without a vowel. In another Indic script, the sameword would be possibly written as a + va +na + virama. However, in Malayalam script, that sequencerepresents a different word, avanŭഅവന്‌ (“to him”), and is not interchangeablewith avan.^[32] Thisis because in modern Malayalam script, the sign for a virama alsoworks as the sign for a vowel ŭ atthe end of a word, and is not able to cleanly “kill” the inherentvowel in this case.^[29]

To differentiate a pure consonant (chillu) and aconsonant with ŭ, zero-width joiner (ZWJ) and zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) wereused before Unicode 5.1.^[27]However, this system was problematic. Among other things, glyphvariants specified by ZWJ or ZWNJ are supposed to be non-semantic,whereas a chillu (expressed as letter + virama + ZWJ) andthe same consonant followed by a ŭ (expressed as letter +virama + ZWNJ) are often semantically different. After a longdebate,^[30][29]six chillus now have their own code points starting from Unicode 5.1,though their representation in Unicode 5.0 is still valid.^[28]

The ligature nṯa is very common and supported bymost Malayalam fonts in one way or another, but exactly how itshould be encoded was not clear in Unicode 5.0 and earlier, and twoincompatible implementations are currently in use.^[33] InUnicode 5.1 (2008), the sequence to represent it was explicitlyredefined as chillu-n + virama + ṟa (ൻ്റ),^[28]but is not widely supported yet (as of 2009).

See also

Notes

1. ^ ^abcdAger, Simon (1998). 'Malayalam alphabet,pronunciation and language'. Omniglot. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm. Retrieved2009-09-08.
2. ^ ^ab'Vazhapally Temple'.Vazhappally Sree Mahadeva Temple. http://www.vazhappallytemple.org/history.html. Retrieved2009-10-31.
3. ^Lewis, M. Paul, ed.(2009), 'Malayalam', Ethnologue: Languages of the World(16th ed.), SIL International, http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mal, retrieved2009-10-31.
4. ^Lo, Lawrence. 'Ancient Scripts:Malayalam'. http://www.ancientscripts.com/malayalam.html. Retrieved2009-12-09.
5. ^Ethnologue (16th ed.): 'Paniya', 'Kurumba, Betta', and 'Ravula'.
6. ^Canepari (2005), pp. 396, 140.
7. ^Burnell (1874), p. 39.
8. ^ ^ab'The Script'. MalayalamResource Centre. http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/evol_lang.htm#The%20Script. Retrieved2009-11-20.
9. ^ ^ab'Alphabets'. Governmentof Kerala. http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20&%20literature/alphabets.htm. Retrieved2009-10-29.
10. ^ ^abcdBurnell (1874), p. 35.
11. ^'Grantha alphabet'.Encyclopædia BritannicaOnline. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241814/Grantha-alphabet. Retrieved2009-10-28.
12. ^'EPIGRAPHY - Inscriptions in Grantha Script'.Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu. http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins3.htm. Retrieved2009-11-11.
13. ^Nampoothiri, N. M. (1999), 'Cultural Traditions inMedieval Kerala' (PDF) in Cherian, P. J., Perspecives onKerala History: The Second Millennium, Kerala Council forHistorical Research, ISBN 8185499357, retrieved 2009-11-20.
14. ^'Development ofLiterature'. Malayalam Resource Centre.http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/devliterature.htm. Retrieved2009-11-20.
15. ^Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. A Grammar of the MalayalamLanguage in Historical Treatment. Wiesbaden :Harrassowitz, 1996.
16. ^Kekunnaya, K.Padmanabha & Joshy, M. Prabhakara (1999–2000), The Tulu Script, http://www.yakshagana.com/Tululipi.htm, retrieved2009-10-28.
17. ^'SEI: Unicode ScriptsResearch'. Script Encoding Initiative (Department ofLinguistics, University of California, Berkeley). 2007. http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/sei/USR.html#n103. Retrieved2009-10-28.
18. ^'Tulu Academy yet to realiseits goal'. TheHindu. The Hindu Group. November 13, 2004. http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/13/stories/2004111302140500.htm. Retrieved2009-10-28.
19. ^'Malayalam Script—Adoption ofNew Script for Use' (PDF). Government of Kerala. 1971. http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/order.pdf. Retrieved2009-10-25.
20. ^'Script reform'.Malayalam Resource Centre. http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/evol_lang.htm#Script%20reform. Retrieved2009-11-13.
21. ^John, Vijay. 'The Concept of ലിപി (Lipi)'. Learn MalayalamOnline!. http://www.jaimalayalam.com/lipi.htm. Retrieved2009-09-08.
22. ^ ^ab'Report of the Committee onMalayalam Character Encoding and Keyboard LayoutStandardisation'. Kerala Gazette (Government ofKerala) 46 (2023). December 18, 2001. http://www.clickeralam.org/malayalam.html. Retrieved2009-10-08. See also the May 2001 version(PDF).
23. ^Asher, R. E. Malayalam. Ed. T. C. Kumari 1934-.London ; New York : Routledge, 1997.
24. ^ ^ab Canepari (2005), pp. 397, 185.
25. ^Mohanan (1996), p.421.
26. ^ ^abEverson, Michael (2007). 'Proposal to add twocharacters for Malayalam to the BMP of the UCS' (PDF).ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3494. http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3494.pdf. Retrieved2009-09-09.
27. ^ ^ab'South Asian Scripts-I'(PDF). The Unicode Standard 5.0 — Electronic Edition.Unicode, Inc. 1991–2007. pp. 42–44. http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch09.pdf. Retrieved2009-09-08.
28. ^ ^abcd'Malayalam ChilluCharacters'. Unicode 5.1.0. Unicode, Inc. 2008. http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/#Malayalam_Chillu_Characters. Retrieved2009-09-10.
29. ^ ^abcMuller, Eric (2006). 'Malayalam cillaksarams'(PDF). JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3126 L2/06-207. http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/N3126.pdf. Retrieved2009-09-10.
30. ^ ^abChitrajakumar, R. &Gangadharan, N. (2005), 'Chandrakkala. Samvruthokaram.Chillaksharam.' (PDF), L2/05-210, http://www.unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p28/05210-malayalam.pdf, retrieved2009-09-10.
31. ^Constable, Peter (2004). 'Clarification of the Use ofZero Width Joiner in Indic Scripts' (PDF). Public Review Issue#37. Unicode, Inc. http://www.unicode.org/review/pr-37.pdf. Retrieved2009-09-10.
32. ^Johny, Cibu C. (2005). 'Unicode Public Review Issue#66: Encoding of Chillu Forms in Malayalam'. http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/chillu/issue66.htm. Retrieved2009-09-16. See also L2/05-085 (PDF).
33. ^'Encoding of Chillu Forms inMalayalam'. Public Review Issue#66. Unicode, Inc. 2005. http://www.unicode.org/review/pr-66.html. Retrieved2009-09-24.

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PDF-File PDF Converter to Convert PDFs 3.0 (pdf-file.com)

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PDFFile Converter can Convert PDF documents from over 140 File Formats. Including Microsoft Word (DOC, DOCX), Microsoft Excel (XLS, XLSX), Microsoft PowerPoint (PPT, PPTX), Microsoft Visio (VSD), Microsoft Works (WDB, WPS, DOCX, XLSX), AutoCAD (DWG, ..

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PDF File Converter Pro 4.4 (pdf-file-converter.net)

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Released: Oct 26, 2012 Author: How to Add Page Numbers to PDF File Size: 1341 K Shareware

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Split PDF File 2.3.8.2 (pdfsplitsoftware.com)

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PDF-File All To PDF Converter 4.2 (pdf-file.com)

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PDF-File Word to PDF Conveter 3.0 (pdf-file.com)

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PDF-File PDF To Word Converter 3.0 (pdf-file.com)

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PDF-File PDF Converter 4.1 (pdf-file.com)

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Print Restricted PDF File 2.1 (splitpst.com)

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Internet Movie Database (us.imdb.com)

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DVD Movie Central: The Animatrix (dvdmoviecentral.com)

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Movie Scripts (kokos.cz)

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Mooviees.com: Movie Scripts (mooviees.com)

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Television and Movie Scripts (textfiles.com)

Some scripts of television shows and popular ..

JoBlo's Movie Scripts (joblo.com)

Scripts and script drafts of ..

Powder Diffraction File (PDF) (icdd.com)

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